Phototypography



Jan.-12, 1960 E. RONDTHALER 'Er/u. 2,920,541

PHoToTYPoGRAPHY Filed July 13, 1955 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 SPACING GRADE Pondsl i,

ATTORNEYS Jan. 12, 1960 E. RoNDTHALr-:R Erm. 2,920,541

PHOTOTYPOGRAPHY Filed July 13, 1955 s sheets-sheet 2 SPACING GRADE v 30 igwomwm ,/24

DESIRED INVENTOR. Eon/,4R0 Ronan/ALE@ HARoLD Hok/HAN @wf/0W' Jan. l2, 1960 E. RONDTHALER HAL 2,920,541

PHOTOTYPOGRAPHY Filed July 13, 1955 3 Sheets-Sheer 3 EDWARD RDA/aman? Y HAROLD HoRMA/v 14 TTORNE'YS.

United States Patent O 2,920,541 PHoroTYPoGRAPHY Edward Rondthaler, Croton-on-Hudson, and Harold Horman, North Tarrytown, N.Y.

Application July 13, 1955, Serial No. 521,693 8 Claims. (Cl. 95-4.5)

The invention relates to 'apparatus and methods for photographically composing ornamental and textual matter on photosensitive material and more particularly to vention, the same being realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and in the appended claims.

The invention consists in the novel parts, steps, constructions, arrangements, processes,y combination and improvements herein shown and described.

llhe accompanying drawings, referred to lherein and constituting a part hereof, illustrate one embodiment of and a preferred manner of carrying out the invention, and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

The invention described herein has for one of its objects the provision of apparatus and methods whereby a word, line of textual matter, ornamental characters and the like, to be photographically composed from a stencil, may be justified, that is lengthened or shortened, so as to occupy accurately a speciiic space or distance. Further, the apparatusl and process provide a means which, in conjunction with letter-spacing means forming part of the stencil, enable an operator to determine accuratelywhich portion of the letter-spacing means should be used for justifying a desired word or group of words.

VAnother object of the invention is the provision of alpparatus which may be manufactured at a low cost, will be-simple to adjust andfoperate by either experienced or combinations pointed out The indexing device comprises a base plate having a. cutout area along its upper edge and provided with a transparent disc which is adustably mounted between the plate and a pivoted bar carried by the plate. The transparent disc is provided near its periphery with a series of small printed circles of various sizes any one of which may be used as a reference circle for use in conjunction with the index lines on the stencils. The pivoted bar is adapted to serve either as a clamp and handle in one method of use or as a movable member in an alternative use of the device for justifying the length of a word or group of characters. j

The transparent scale, designated herein as the spacing grade, is a transparent iilm on which twoscales are printed, one for measuring distances in anyk desired system of Vunits and the other for use in setting one of the reference circles on the indexing device.

' The method for using the above described articles to photographically compose a word on photosensitive material comprises the steps of placing a phototypographical stencil, such as one bearing an alphabet, in the upper channel of the transparent guide member, placing the indexing device in the body portion and adjusting one of the reference circles so as to appear centrally in the cut-out area of the indexing device and in a desired relationship to the stencil index lines. Thus arranged, the stencil and guide are placed on the photosensitive sheet so as to bring the first letter of the chosen word at the proper starting position for that word. The guide member may bel temporarily secured to the photosensitive sheet to prevent movement of the guide during manipulation of the other parts. i

An electric lamp having an illuminating area controlled by a mask may now be placed over the selected letter and lit, thus exposing the letter to the photosensitive sheet. I

inexperienced persons and will enable such persons to compose photographically, words and textual matter which will accurately tit into a designated space on a photosensitive sheet of material.

Generally considered, the apparatus consists of phototypographical stencils, a transparent guide member, an adjustable indexing device and a transparent scale by which calculations, measurements and adjustments of the indexing device may be made.

The stencils are preferably made of photographic film on which desired letters, numerals, characters or other designs appear as transparent portions on an opaque background. The stencils are transparent along each of the long margins where a pair of diverging index lines are provided beneath each letter or other character whereby, in conjunction with an indexing device, proper spacing between one character and any other may be gauged.

The guide member is formed from a stiff, transparent sheet material, such as plastic, and is reversely double-folded along one long edge to provide two oppositely facing channels and singly folded along the other long edge. Thus, the guide member provides an open sided guideway along one edge to slidably receive a stencil and another closed lguitleway to slidably receive the indexing device.

sures the proper and artistic spacing of Holding the stencil stationary the indexing device is moved to bring its reference circle exactly beneath and bisected by the index line on the stencil which is at the right side of the letter just exposed. Next, the stencil is moved to bring the` left hand index line of the second letter of the Word exactly beneath the reference circle. This letter, the second of the word, may now be ex'- posed.A

Again holding the stencil stationary, the indexing device is shifted to the right to bisect its reference circle beneath the right hand index line of the letter just exposed. The next, or third, letter on the stencil may now be brought into position. Continuation of the alternate shifting of the indexing device and the stencil until all the letters of the desired word have been exposed asi the letters in the selected word without any judgment for spacing required of the operator.

When the word or textual matter to be composed is required to tit exactly into a given space it is necessary that the operation described above be preceded by a trial run of the apparatus to determine the amount of justifying necessary. Using this information in a simple calculation a value is obtained by which the spacing grade scale may be used to reset the position of the reference circle. This new position, when used with the stencil index lines, will produce a greater or lesser space between letters (whichever may be required) during the iinal photographic run of the apparatus over the sensitized sheet.

s An alternative method of adjusting and manipulating the indexing device for justifying a word or group of words is to use the bar on the indexing device as :a lever having a selective limited swing and securing the reference circle disc to the bar so as to swing therewith;

The amount of movementpermitted the bar is deteri mined by a -trial run, simple calculation and `use ofthe unit scale on the spacing grade. By rocking the bar and its attached reference circle disc in a particular seguence and to a uniform degree during -the step by step `'pilotographic exposure of a word the space between each :letter which was used'in the ltrial ,run for` the xword -is increased or'decreased (as required) -to j-ustfy exactly the desired word for 'the given space.

It will Ibe understood that the foregoing general yde s cription and the following detailed description as well areexemplary and explanatory of the invention but are not restrictive thereof:v 4

`Of the drawings: w IFigure 1' is* a plan view, partly 4broken away, of an illustrative type of phototypographical stencil with which registering d line-length justifying devices may be used; Figure' 2 is a perspective 'view'of one form of vra Atrans- 'pareiitsuide member; Figure 3 is a planviewofa `transparent scale member VVhaving inscribed thereon Va 'lineal scale `in any desired system of s. ts and a graduated inclined line for use in adjusting an indexing device; f

` gure 4 is a plan View of an indexing device having @transparent and adjustable disc memberl Vwhich/.is -inbed with reterenee indicia; Y f vFigure Sis a sectional view of the indexing device taken along the line 5- -5 of 'Figure 4;

Figure 6 is a fragmentary sectional view taken along f thejline 6-6 of Figure 4; v .Figure 7 is a fr gmentary plan viewshowing the guide hrernber, indexing device and' seal@ member as they would appear wheny the indexing device is being adjusted to a desired scale setting for use in a particular operation; i `Figure 78 is a fragmentary plan view showing the guide member. indexing dev iee and arranged for ilse; figure 9 is an illustrative showing of a sample word Ahaving the spacing between each letter in accordance with-fa trial setting of the indexing device;

IFigure l0 is a lfragmentary plan view similar to Figure `7 but showing the indexing 'device reset to a different oa in accordance with information derived from a tr, .1rut1of .the desiredword; and Y Figures Y1,1 to 15 are fragmentary plan views of the k'apparatus during successive steps of anV alternative method of use for vjustifying a word length.Y

Referring now Fin detail tothe preferred embodiments lof the invention illustrated in the draWidsS= The stencil 10, shown for the purpose of illustrating the invention, is preferably formed as a photographic on which transparent letters 1 2 appearia an opaque background. The letters 12 are usually arranged in two rows'parallel to and spaced from each of the long edges 114 and v16 of the rectangularly shaped stencil 10, For .convenience in mav 'pulating the stencil, keeping its length within reasonable limits and reducing the need for shifting from one row of letters to the other during the spelling out of a word each row ofk letters is arranged alphabetically but one row contains the most used letters y in the English language while the other row contains the least'used It is to b e understood,'however, that this particular arrangement of the letters on the stencil is not essential to the operation of the apparatus as herein ldescribed but may be used with any letter arrangement. Antransparent area 17 is provided between each edge 14 and 16 and a line near the bottom of the adjacent row of lettersY 12. In the transparent area 17 and beneath 'each letter of the adjacent'row there is provided a left hand index line 18 adjacent the left side of the letter and a right hand index line 19 adjacent the right side ofthe letter. Each set of index lines 18 and 19, diverge outward with respect to each other and, in conjunction with an indexing device, serve as the means for varidusly spewing the various .lettera @from eachother ia a manne? artistiimages 12 on the stencil are adapted to be transferred to a photosensitive surface 20 upon exposure to light,

. either from an electric lamp (not shown) or other source.

Various means for shielding the lamp and masking the letters not to be transferred at a particular moment may be provided but are notdescribed herein as they form no part of the present invention.

A guide member 22 is provided in which the stencil 1) can be slidably mounted and guided during its manipulation to form a Word or other textual matter. See Figure 2. As embodied guide the member 22 is a relatively long, rectangular strip of thin, stiff, transparent material having its lower long edge reversely bent upon itself to form a narrow guideway 23 and its upper long edge doubly reversely bent to form two superimposed oppositely facing guideways 24 and 25. Guideway 24 faces inwardly toward guideway 23 and guideway 25 faces outwardly. 'Ihe bottoms of all three guideways are parallel with each other. Guideway 25 serves as .the

, guiding means for the stencil 10 and guideways 23 and 24 together form a channel-in which an indexing device 26 may be manipulated and guided in proper relation to the stencil 10. Guideway 2S also serves as the positionphototypographical stencil c rio i of engin 31er ui@ une su along member 27 whilethe zero point ing means fora scale member 27 which is used during certain stages of operation.

The scale member 27 is a thin, transparent lm which is rectangular in shape and provided with two scales or measuring means inscribed thereon. One scale, designated as the-units scale 28, is a series of vertically inscribed lines placed at a convenient spot along the lower edge of the scale member 27 and spaced from each other at progressively greater distances. If desired, these lines may be spaced according to the point system for type sizes as usedin the typographical art'. As shown in Figure 3, the intervals between lines, from left to right, may be indicated as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, l0 and 12 units. The units scale 28 may be used for determining the amount of justification a word or line of textual matter required for a desired lettering layout and also for use in adjusting the indexing device 26 to accomplish such justiti-V Cation.

A second scale, designated as grade scale 29, is also inscribed on the scale member 27 and comprises a straight line 30 originating at a point 31 on the lower edge 32 of the scale member and extending leftwardly and upwardly at an acute angle to the edge 32. Line 30 is divided into equal parts which may be in the order of 1/16 of an inch each for the purpose of legibiIty. Each tenth division is labelled with a number and these'nurnbers read consecutively from 1 to l0. The l0 point is the point the edge 321of the scale tance to the left. The slope of the line 30 away from the edge 32 is predetermined so as to provide a reasonable degree of spacing between graduations without making the scale too long for convenience. The controlling point is the location ofthe zero point with respect to the scale edge 32. This distance is derived from and roughly corre-v sponds to the vertical distance between one of the edge lines 14 or 1 6 of the stencil 10 and the adjacent edge of the .Opaque portion. t I

When using the grade scale 29 tofdetermine the setting for a reference' mark on the indexing device 26 the numbers lA to 1077 on the-scale indicate the distance in units any particular setting will add or subtract from the basic spacing provided by the original point of intersection between the circles 49 and the index lines'lS or 19. Thus, if the reference rmark issetat the number 7 the difference between this setting and the 'original vsetting will give the number of spacing units which will be added or subtracted, the case may be, to the original spacing distancet Depending upon 33 is a considerable dist the use to be made of'theyscale mem- `base plate 40 is preferably vthe reference circle 49 which is labelled 18 .advantageously used with letters ranging in size 40 near the center thereof by a screw A.screw 56. The stop ber 27 it is used' either independently or in conjunction As embodied, the indexing device 26 comprises a base 'plate 40, a pivoted bar 41,

a transparent reference disc 42` carries a stop screw 44. The made of metal, is substantially rectangular inshape having a length only slightly greater than its width and is provided with a large cut-out 45 in they central portion of its upper edge 46. The thickness and width of the plate 40 is such that it is slidably retainable in both the guideways 23, 24 of the guide member 22. Further, its width may be sufficiently less than that of the and a'stop post 43 which guide member so that either the bottom of the guideway 23 or the bottom of guideway 24, but preferably not both,

may'act as the effective guide means during the indexing operation.

The reference disc 42 rests upon the uppersurface of the plate 40 beneath the pivoted bar 41 and is preferably made of a thin plastic'iilm which is transparent, circular and provided with an enlarged central hole 4S. A plurality of reference marks, such as the small circles 49, are

'printed on the face ofthe disc at spaced intervals near the periphery thereof. The reference circles 49 may vary in` relative sizes sothat, in use, a desired accuracy of letter spacing may be obtained. Thus, in using a stencil with Alarge letters, say in the order of twenty-four points, on

which the thickness of the index lines may be greater the half-circles ofspacing between the index lines 18 and 19 and the circles 49 will be as large as in the case of smaller lettering, such as eight or ten points, hence the same high degree of accuracy will be obtained for all lettering.

Each of the reference circles v49 has an identifying numeral 50 associated therewith which is printed on the disc sothat each numeral is radially inward from the reference circle to which it refers. An identifying numeral 50'may be such that it will indicate that its associated reference circle 49 is to be used with lettering having the same or nearly the same point size as the numeral. Thus, may be from 17 to 19 points.

. Pivoted bar 41 is so constructed that it will perform xvarious 'functions depending upon which of two methods of operation is followed. Thus, the bar 41 may serve as a yclampto secure the base plate 40, the reference disc 42 and itself into a single unit or it may be so adjusted that vit will cause the reference disc 42 to adhere to its underside so `as to move therewith when the bar is oscillated kabout its pivot and between stops formed by post 43 and screw 44.

As embodied, the pivoted bar 41 is journaled on a collar 51 which is fixed on the upper surface of the plate 52. The screw 52 projects upwardly through a hole in the bar 41 and is provided with a washer 53 and a thumb rnut 54. Thus when the nut 54 is loose the bar is free to rotate on the collar 51. One end of bar 41 is slotted, as at 55, said slot spanning the screw 44 but being small enough to prevent vthe bar from passing beyond the head of the screw 44. The screw 44 is adjustably threaded into the stop post 43 and maybe fixed in any desired adjustment by a set post 43 is secured to the base plate 40 as by a screw 57.

l Means are provided for temporarily securing the pivoted bar A41 and the reference disc 42 to each other during onernethod of operation. As embodied, the underside of the bal 41 is provided with a strip of plastic material 58 which may be secured thereto as by cement. The plastic material 58 should have as one of its characteristics the property of being moderately sticky or tacky towards the material composing the reference disc 42. Thus, if the bar 41 is urged against the reference disc 42 with sutiicient pressure the latter will adhere to the bar until it is pried loose.

Operation Assuming that the word to be photographically composed to4 fit exactly a given distance is the name HIPTON, the operator first places the indexing device 26 in the guide member 22 with its lower edge in contact with the bottom of the guideway 23. The spacing grade or scale member 27 is then placed in the guideway 25 of the guide member 22 so that one of the divisions on the line 30, such as the division labelled number 5, falls centrally adjacent the cut-out 45 of the indexing guide 26. See Figure 7. The division number 5 was selected, either by experienced judgment or by consulting a table of values, as one which will give the ideal spacing between the letters of the particular stencil used. This number may, if desired, be printed on each of the stencils.

Assuming that the disc 42 is already loose from the bar 41 it is now shifted so that an appropriate reference circle 49, such as the one labelled number 18, is centered under the division number 5 on the line 30. The thumb nut 54 on the bar 41 is now tightened, thus fixing the position of the reference circle number 18 Y with respect to the base plate 40.

The indexing device 26 is now set and ready for a trial run to determine the length of the word HIPTON as composed with this setting. Replacing the scale member 27 in the guide member 22 with the stencil 10, as shown in Figure 8, and placing the apparatus on the photosensitive paper 20 the letter H on the stencil is then positioned so its left side is in line with a ternporary referencek line 60 which may be marked on the paper 20. With the stencil stationary, the indexing device is moved so that its reference circle number 18 is centered under the right hand index line 19 of the letter H.

Holding the indexing device stationary, the stencil is now shifted so as to bring the letter l intoits proper place next to H. This is accomplished by centering the left hand index line of the letter l over the reference circle on the indexing device. Care should be taken in the various movements of the stencil and the indexing device in the guide member 22 so that each is maintained in contact with the bottom of its respective guideway 25 and 23. The next step is again holding the stencil stationary while the indexing device is moved to the right to bring its reference circle under the right hand index line of the letter 1.

The remaining letters of the word HIPTON are spaced olf by repeating the alternate shifting of stencil and indexing device in the manner just described for the letters H and L The operator then marks or notes the total length of the word HIPTON as indicated at 61 in Figure 9. Comparing this distance 61 with the distance 62 which the word is supposed to fill, it is found that the desired distance 62 is greater by fifteen units or points, as the case may be, than the trial distance 61. If desired, the points scale 28 on the spacing grade may be used to measure the difference between the two distances involved.

From the above it is obvious that the letters of the word HIPTON must be spaced further apart by a total of fifteen points to meet the required condition of space filling. Noting that the word HIPTON has five spaces the operator divides the fifteen points additional space to be filled by five. The resulting figure of three points is, therefore, the distance to be added to each trial run space so as to justify the Word to fit the number 3 lon the scale 29.

'required space. Readjustment of the reference vcircle number 18 may now be made so .as to incorporate `exactly the necessary three Aadditional points per space in theY step by step procedure of photograp'hically -comvposing .the word HPION in a Viinal letter-exposing run .of the apparatus. Y y

The stencil is removed from `the yguide member 22 and the scale 27 substituted therein. lSee Figure I10. The reference disc 42Y is manually loosened from the pivoted bar 41 after the latter is unclamped by partially unscrewing the thumb nut 54. Disc 42 may then be moved relative to the base :plate 40 until theV reference ycircle number 18 becomes centered under the division number S on the line of scale member 27. The

ldisc is then re-clamped in this position. Division num- Vber 8 on dine 30 was Iused because it is the sum of the trial run setting of the reference circle, which was 5,

`and the additional three points needed to justify each space in the word wherebyY it will ll the required space. The new position of the reference 'circle is such that when the letter spacing operation takes place it can be v Ymoved across the index lines 18 and 19 of the stencil at a level where the said lines are further apart by a distance of three points than at the level where the reference circle moved across them during the trial run.

After the stencil is replaced' in the guide member the `operator :may now make the iinal photographic run off the apparatus. The step by step procedure is the same as that already described in connection with the trial run except that after each letter has been placedin position it is exposed to a light source to record its latent image on the lphotosensitive paper 20. i

It may be noted here that although the trial run of -the apparatus was described as one in which the position of the first and last letter ofthe selected word was merely marked and measured it is obvious that thisY trial `run operation could be performed partiallylor wholly by v 'the reference circle was initially set for the said trial run. Thus, if the reference circle was initially set at division number 5 and the point distance correction necessary for eaoh space is two points the new setting for the reference circle should be 5 minus 2 or division When thus setA thel final composing run of theapparatus will `place the selected word in a space which is less than that given by the trial run.

If desired, the justifying of a word or line of text may be accomplished by a different method of adjusting and manipulating Vthe apparatus; In this second method, the pivoted bar 41 on the indexing device, 26 is used as a lever with a selected limited motion'rather than as a clamping means. See Figures 1l to l5. VThe procedure Ain this method is the same as that already described for a trial run up to the step where the setting of the reference circle on the indexing device has to be changed to suit the conditions to be met for the final 'photographic run ofthe apparatus.

Assuming again that the word to be justified is HIPTON, and that a trial run has been made as already described and illustrated in Figures 7, 8 and l9, the next step is to readjust the indexing device so that each time a space between letters is gauged on the final mman additional distance of three points is incorporated. This j rreadjustrnent of the indexing device 26 consistsvin first loosening the thumb Vnut 54 so that bar l41 is free to swing on its pivot 51, then loosen set kscrew 56 so that the stop screw 44 may be adjusted. Itis to be bargain eased-.541

Next, place the scale member 27r in the 4guldewaykZS :so fthat the points scale 28 is overthe reference circle number 18. Adjustment may then fbe madeof 'the stop screw` 44 so Aas to Ypermit .the bar 41 td swing between the `stop post 43 and the head of .the vstop screw 44 a specific distance. 'In the 4case in point this'distance should be such as will shift the reference circle laterally a distance of three points. After securing the adjustment .of the stop screw,44 byv its set screw 56 the indexing device may be used for Vcomposing the word 'HIPTON photographically so as to fit within a given distance..v

' Placing the .stencil in the guideway 2S sothe letter H is at thedesired position on the photosensitive paper 20 the letter is exposed to :a Vlight source. rHoldmg the stencil stationary and the bar 41;.againstvthe head of the .screw 44 the'indexing vdevice is moved to bring the reference circle number 18 vunderthe left hand index line of the letter H as shown in Figure 1l. Holding both the indexing device and the stencil stationary the bar 41 is moved to a position against the stop post 43 as shown in Figure l2. The reference circle is now a distance of three points to the left of the left hand index line of the letter H. Next, the indexing device is moved to the right so thatthe reference circle is centered under the right hand index line of the letter H .as shown in Figure 13. Following4 this,the bar 41 is swung from the stop post 43 to the head of screw 44, as shown in Figure 14, thus bringing kthe reference circle a distance of three points to the right of the right hand tindex: line yof the letter H and in the correct vposition for gauging the position of the followingletter.

From the foregoing 'and a comparison of the Figures -ll and14it will be seen that the referenceV circlehas moved from a left hand index lineV of one letter to a corresponding position for the following letter and that the distance it was moved is equal to the trialrun dis'- tance as measured between the left hand right'hand index l lines of a letter plus a justifying distance of three points `as provided by the swingof bar 41. lTo justify a word by the method of operation just described where the given space in which to iit a word is less than the space taken up by the trial run the procedure is the same except thatthe starting position and sequence of movementsv of the bar 41 is just the opposite to that -shown in Figures ll to 15. Thus, where the bar 41 is shown as against the head of stop screw 44 it should be against the stop post 43 and vice-versa throughout the steps of the sequence.- This serves to subtract-rather thanadd the corrective distance to the trial run spacing of the letters.

The invention in its broader; aspects is not limited to the specific parts, steps, constructions, arrangements, processes, combinations and mechanisms shown and decomposing textural matter, means for varying the spacing `of the text comprising the combination of aV guideway,

an index member movable along the guideway having an index adjacent theguideway, a stencil in conjunction with the index member, means for locating the index towards or away from the guideway, a spacing guide comprising 'a transparent member havinga slanted line thereon, laterally movable in the guideway with respect to the index member, said slanted line being provided with uniform scale divisions thereon and serving to gauge the proper location of the index withirespect topa line parallel v 'to the guideway whereby said index may be adjusted withV respect to the stencil to vary the spacing of thecharacters, said lindex being movably mounted on theV index member by means of a pivoted disc, and means for limiting the pivotal movement of the disc.

2. In phototypographic apparatus, the combination of claim 1 in which the index is movably mounted on the index member by means of a transparent member which can be moved towards and from a line parallel to the guideway.

3. In phototypographic apparatus, Ithe combination of claim l in which the spacing index is carried by a transparent disc loosely pivotally mounted on the index member, a second pivoted member has limited pivotal movement on the index member, and means are provided for temporarily securing the transparent disc to the second pivoted member in the desired spaced relation to a line parallel to the guideway.

4. A phototypographic indexing member to Ibe moved laterally for positioning character members in a predetermined position and comprising a base member, a transparent member positioned on the base and having at least one index thereon adjacent one edge thereof, said transparent member -being shiftable toward and away from the line of movement of the base member, land means for securing the transparent member and its index in a denite position with respect to the line of lateral movement, said transparent member being loosely mounted with respect to a pivot carried by the base member, and

shiftable with respect to the pivot, anda pivoted member mounted on said base provided with means for variably limiting the pivotal movement of the pivoted member and other means for securing the transparent member to the pivoted member whereby the transparent member may be shifted toward and from the line of lateral movement of the base member and may be pivotally moved to a predetermined extent by movement of the pivoted member.

5. A phototypographic indexing member according to claim 4 in which the transparent member is loosely mounted with respect to a pivot carried by the base member, is shiftable with respect to the pivot, and a pivoted member is mounted on said base provided Awith means for variably limiting the pivotal movement of the pivoted member and other means for securing the transparent member to the pivoted member whereby the transparent member may be shifted toward and from the line of lateral movement of the base member and may be pivotally moved to a predetermined extent by movement of the pivoted member.

6. A phototypographic process which comprises positioning a linear series of characters one at a time in exposure position, each of said characters having a pair of uniform index members `at least one of which is slanted to the linear series of characters, shifting the linear series in accordance with the desired series of characters and with the spacing indicated by their respective index members as measured by a laterally movable index member at 10 a fixed distance from the edge of said linear series as said laterally movable index member is moved with reference to the pair of index lines for a given character, measuring the length of line so produced with respect to the desired length of line, shifting the laterally movable index member with respect to its line of lateral movement so that it will coincide with a different portion of the slanted index member associated with each character, and again shifting the linear series of characters, measuring their spacing with the laterally movable index member as it intersects the index members associated with the individual characters, and photographically exposing the several desired characters as they are so positioned over a sheet of sensitized material.

7. A phototypographic process which comprises positioning a linear series of characters one at a time in exposure position, each of said characters having a pair of uniform index members at least one of which is slanted to the linear series of characters, positioning a given character in the desired starting position, laterally shifting the single index member to intersect with one index member of the pair at a given distance from the character, laterally shifting the linear series of characters until the other index of the new pair intersects with the single index member at a same distance from the character, and repeating the steps until the desired series of characters has been so treated, measuring the error in justification in the length of line of characters, moving the single index toward or away from the line of characters in accordance with such error to compensate for the error, and again shifting the linear series of characters, measuring their spacing with the repositioned single index member as it is successively associated with the index members for the several characters and photographically exposing the several desired characters as they are so positioned over a sheet of sensitized material.

8. A phototypographic index member for use in conjunction with a phototypographic stencil having reference indicia thereon and with a guide member having a guide surface parallel to said stencil, said index member comprising a base plate having at least one straight edge for engagement with the guide surface on the guide member parallel to the stencil, a transparent disc mounted on the base plate adapted to overlay one edge of the stencil and movable relative to the straight edge on the base plate, and reference indicia on the transparent disc to intersect the reference indicia on the edge portion of the stencil beneath the transparent disc, said point of intersection being selectively varied by movement of the transparent disc relative to the straight edge on the base plate.

P'arnet Jan. 5, 1954 Robins Aug. 10, 1954 

